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Can we]}** have stop]}** signs **{[placed at int]}**ersections]}** **{[in our neighborhood to **{[reduce]}** speedi]}**ng**{[?**{[

We get many compla]}**ints from]}** **{[people in **{[residential areas abou**{[t cars sp**{[eeding in **{[their neighborhoods. **{[They often ask]}** us to ins]}**tal**{[l more]}** stop signs.]}** **{[This c oncern]}** i**{[s very understa**{[ndable. Unfortu**{[nately,]}** adding **{[stop signs may]}** **{[not be th**{[e best solution. **{[In fac]}**t, you]}** may be sur**{[prised to **{[learn, adding]}** **{[stop signs can]}** sometimes ma**{[ke the]}** problem worse. H**{[ere is why:

**{[

Stop]}** signs don’]}**t **{[always]}** slow t]}**raffic**{[
Strange]}** as it may]}** **{[seem, installing stop **{[signs may not]}** **{[result in **{[reduced traffic **{[speeds]}**. Studies have shown that]}** stop signs]}** a**{[re not]}** eff**{[ective]}** at **{[contro]}**lling driver]}**s**{[’ speed]}**s **{[between inters]}**e**{[ctions. In fac]}**t**{[, motor]}**ists sometimes drive]}** even faster]}** **{[betwee n stop]}** si**{[gns to]}** m**{[ake up for time]}** “lost” while stopped**{[-actually **{[increasing peak]}** **{[speeds and **{[potentially making **{[neighbo**{[rhoods]}** more danger]}**o**{[us.

]}**

**{[Installing stop]}** signs can]}** d**{[o more har**{[m than good**{[
Too ma]}**n**{[y stop signs may also **{[actual]}**ly **{[discourag**{[e good driving]}** **{[habits. Studie**{[s have shown that if stop signs are]}** ov**{[erused]}** or are]}** l**{[ocated]}** where they]}** don’t seem]}** **{[to be nec**{[essary, some d**{[rivers become]}** ca**{[reless]}** about stopping at the]}**m. This can be especially]}** dangerous]}** for pedest]}**rians and]}** bicyclists w**{[ho may have a false sense of **{[safety from t]}**he **{[existe]}**nce of]}** **{[a stop sign.

**{[Other sol**{[utions**{[
Fortu**{[nately,]}** there are other w**{[ays to]}** encourage t**{[raffic to slow]}** down. Sometimes even]}** a **{[simple]}** neighb**{[orhood awa**{[reness program]}** **{[can be eff**{[ective.

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Why can']}**t we have **{[a four**{[-way st]}**op **{[to reduce **{[accidents**{[?**{[

The **{[addition **{[of four**{[-way st]}**op **{[control is an inconvenience to all]}** the drivers **{[using the intersection. **{[For th]}**is reason, three **{[warrants have]}** been develop**{[ed and are **{[listed]}** in the **{[Manual on Uni]}**form Traffic **{[Contro]}**l Devices (MUTCD]}**). A mu**{[lti-way]}** stop control **{[instal]}**lation **{[may be warranted at **{[an inters**{[ection if any]}** **{[of the fol**{[lowing cond**{[itions exist:

1**{[. Traff]}**ic **{[signal]}**s **{[are war**{[ranted]}** and urgently **{[needed]}**, and the multi-wa**{[y stop sig**{[ns are an **{[interim measur**{[e that can be]}** installed]}** q**{[uickly to **{[control traffic **{[while arrangements are being]}** ma**{[de for]}** the signal]}** **{[instal**{[lation.]}**

2. A cra]}**sh proble]}**m**{[, as indicated b**{[y five or more]}** reported accidents]}** of a type]}** **{[susceptible to]}** correction by a mult]}**i**{[-way stop **{[instal**{[lation]}** i**{[n a 12-month period. Such accidents i**{[nclude]}** right- and left-]}**tum collis]}**i**{[ons as well as right-angle collisions.]}****{[

3. Minimum traffic **{[volume]}**s. (a)]}** The total vehicular]}** **{[volume entering the inters]}****{[ection from all]}** approaches must average at lea]}**st 500]}** vehicles]}** pe**{[r hour]}** f**{[or any eight hours]}** of **{[an ave]}**ra**{[ge day; and(b)]}** **{[the co mbined]}** vehicular]}** and pedest]}**rian volume **{[from the **{[minor **{[street]}** or **{[highwa]}**y must]}** a**{[verage]}** at **{[least 200 **{[units pe**{[r hour for the]}** same eight **{[hours, with an a**{[verage]}** delay to minor street **{[vehicular **{[traffic of at]}** least 30]}** s**{[econds per **{[vehicl]}**e **{[during the ma]}**ximum hour;]}** **{[but (c ) when]}** **{[the 85- percen]}**tile approach speed]}** of the]}** major **{[street traffi]}**c **{[exceed]}**s **{[40 mil**{[es per]}** hou**{[r, the]}** m**{[inimum veh**{[icular volume]}** w**{[arrant is **{[70 percent of]}** the above]}** requir**{[ements.

]}****{[A four-way stop]}** instal**{[lation should o**{[nly be]}** used when t**{[raffic volumes]}** **{[on the intersecting ro**{[adways are **{[approx]}**imately **{[equal. However, **{[if vol]}**umes are partic**{[ularly]}** l**{[arge a traffic]}** **{[signal may be]}** more approp**{[riate (see **{[informational **{[series answer]}** to “What]}** is the h**{[arm in]}** installing]}** an unwarr]}**anted traffic **{[contro]}**l device?” for signal w**{[arrant)]}**. Investigating]}** the warran]}**ts listed]}** **{[above will **{[require an ext**{[ensive traffic]}** engineering **{[study. This study]}** may indica]}**te **{[whethe]}**r **{[or not a mult]}**i**{[-way stop **{[control instal]}**lation is approp**{[riate.

]}**WON**{[’T CRAS]}**HES BE R**{[EDUCED]}** IF A STOP SIGN IS **{[INSTAL]}**LED?

]}**

One of the mu**{[lti-way stop control **{[warrants **{[is crash related**{[. If an]}** inters]}****{[ection meet**{[s this requirement]}** **{[(see above) and]}** it has approximately]}** equal **{[approach **{[volumes**{[, a mul]}**ti-way]}** stop **{[control instal]}**lation **{[may be warranted for **{[safety]}** purpos]}**es**{[. Howev]}**e**{[r, the overall]}** r**{[esults of the]}** t**{[raffic]}** engineering]}** study and]}** the profes**{[sional jud**{[gement of the]}** en**{[gineer]}** should a**{[lso be]}** considered.]}** **{[In fact, resear**{[ch has]}** shown that]}** under **{[certain condit]}**ions other]}** t**{[raffic control measures]}** **{[may be more **{[effect]}**ive and]}** safer than the additi]}**o**{[n of a mu**{[lti-way sto**{[p sign (other]}** o**{[ptions are **{[discus]}**sed **{[below)]}**. A study conduc**{[ted by the city]}** of Irvine**{[, Calif ornia,]}** indicated that simply]}** **{[improving **{[inters ection]}** visibility]}** can someti]}****{[mes be a successful approa]}**ch to cra]}**sh **{[reduct]}**ion at]}** interse**{[ctions.]}**

**{[**{[WHAT C]}**AN **{[BE DONE OTHER]}** T**{[HAN TO]}** AD**{[D STOP SIGNS?

Every]}** inters**{[ection has **{[unique charac]}**teristics.]}** **{[A thorough **{[analys]}**is **{[of the traffi]}**c**{[, safet]}**y, and]}** geometric characteristics of **{[an int]}**ersection is **{[required **{[to provide the]}** validity of **{[certai]}**n traffic contro]}**l **{[measures at a sp**{[ecific]}** location. The fol**{[lowing ar**{[e some of the]}** less restrictive alternatives th**{[at can be **{[considered at an inters]}**ection **{[before the **{[instal]}**lation]}** of a multi**{[-way stop sign or traffi]}**c **{[signal :

• inst]}**all warnin]}**g **{[signs and/or]}** fl**{[ashing]}** b**{[eacons alo**{[ng the major roadwa]}**y **{[to warn users approaching the **{[inters ection;]}****{[
• reloca]}**ti**{[ng the]}** sto**{[p line(]}**s**{[) to improve sight]}** di**{[stance and **{[visibi]}**lity at the inters]}****{[ection;
•]}** **{[instal ling a]}** fl**{[ashing]}** beacon **{[at the intersection to supple]}**me**{[nt the ex**{[isting stop **{[signs;]}**
• **{[adding]}** one or **{[more lanes on]}** a **{[minor roadway approach]}** to reduce]}** **{[the num**{[ber of]}** vehicles pe**{[r lane on
the ap]}**proach;**{[
•]}** instal]}**ling roadway **{[lighti]}**ng to reduce the]}** frequency]}** of accide]}**nts at **{[night;
•]}** restricting]}** **{[one or more **{[turnin]}**g **{[movemen**{[ts;
• limiting the]}** number of **{[drivew**{[ays in]}** close proxim**{[ity to an **{[inters**{[ection,]}** **{[since unex**{[pected mov**{[ements from **{[these dri**{[veways could cause]}** ve**{[hicles]}** on the]}** **{[street to **{[suddenly stop.]}****{[

Four-way stop signs are needed]}** **{[in certain **{[situat]}**ion**{[s, and careful s**{[tudies]}** must be made **{[before]}** any installation]}** is approv]}**ed**{[. There]}** are countermeasures ava**{[ilable (see above) that]}** **{[do not include]}** the additi]}**on of sto]}**p **{[signs. The ul]}****{[timate goal is]}** to provid]}**e **{[a safe inters**{[ection for **{[vehicles, pedes**{[trians,]}** **{[and bicyclists.**{[

**{[
**{[ **{[
Wouldn']}**t **{[instal]}**ling a]}** f**{[our-way stop reduce]}** **{[accide nts at]}** an inters]}**ection?**{[]}**

Addin**{[g four-]}**wa**{[y stop sig**{[ns may see**{[m like it would slow **{[driver s down]}** an**{[d make]}** the street]}**s **{[safer, but  a]}**dditional]}** stop signs]}** **{[do not necessarily]}** in**{[crease]}** safety. **{[In fac]}**t, in some cases,]}** **{[especiall**{[y when they are]}** not really **{[needed , the o**{[veruse of **{[signs can lead]}** t**{[o them being ignore]}**d **{[by dri]}**vers**{[. There]}**fore, traffic engine]}**er**{[s make careful decisions]}** concerning]}** t**{[he use of four-]}**wa**{[y stop]}** signs. Here are]}** some of the **{[factor]}**s they]}** consider:**{[

Too many **{[signs can lead to **{[ineffectiveness
S**{[tudies have **{[shown tha**{[t when stop signs]}** are placed]}** **{[at intersections]}** where they]}** are not really **{[needed,]}** some m]}**otorists become careless]}** about **{[stopping. Moreover, overuse of fou]}**r-way stop **{[signs can **{[contrib**{[ute to]}** the number **{[of frus**{[trated]}** and impatient driver]}**s **{[on the street]}****{[s, and these driver]}**s **{[may start **{[driving reckle**{[ssly.

**{[

Where f**{[our-way stop **{[signs ar**{[e used**{[
Four-way]}** stop signs are often u**{[sed at]}** the intersection **{[of two ro**{[adways that **{[contai]}**n **{[similar traffi]}**c **{[volume s. The]}** inters**{[ection must**{[, howev]}**er**{[, meet at **{[least **{[one of]}** the follow]}**ing condit]}**ions:

• a traffic **{[signal]}** is goi]}**ng to be]}** ins**{[talled]}** a**{[nd the intersection n**{[eeds a temporary solution to control **{[the tr]}**affic;
• **{[within]}** 12 **{[months]}** at leas**{[t five crashes have occurred at the]}** **{[inters ection]}** that could have been]}** prevented]}** b**{[y stop signs;
• relatively high **{[volume]}**s **{[and/or high m]}**ajor-street]}** **{[vehicle speeds]}** **{[exist.**{[

]}**Other solutions]}** may provid**{[e just as much]}** **{[safety**{[
To make]}** **{[travel eff**{[icient and safe, four-way stop signs are]}** u**{[sually ins**{[talled only where th**{[ey are abso**{[lutely]}** nec**{[essary.]}** **{[Before four-wa]}**y stop]}** signs are]}** installed,]}** **{[other sol**{[utions should]}** be consid]}**ered. Here]}** are a few]}** ex**{[amples:]}**

**{[• Reloc]}**a**{[te the line **{[where ve**{[hicles stop to]}** i**{[mprove visibility at the]}** inters**{[ection.]}**
• **{[Limit the **{[number]}** of dri]}****{[veways in **{[close proximity to an int]}**ersection]}** since **{[unexpected movements to/from these]}** driveways]}** sometimes]}** cause **{[drivers to sud]}**denly stop]}** or swerve]}**, resulting in c**{[rashes.
•]}** **{[Install flashing lights]}** **{[before or at]}** the inters]}**ection t**{[o warn]}** drivers or **{[to supp**{[lement]}** existing stop signs,]}** respectively.
• Instal]}**l **{[roadway lighting to red]}**uce the fre**{[quency of **{[crashes at nig]}**ht.

**{[
 **{[
**{[
]}** **{[ ]}** **{[
What is]}** th**{[e harm]}** in **{[instal]}**ling an unwarranted traffic]}** c**{[ontrol device?**{[]}**

Installing stop signs or traffic **{[signal]}**s where they are]}** not needed]}** **{[can cause **{[significant disrupt**{[ion of traffic]}** fl**{[ow and]}** in**{[crease intersection delay for]}** drivers. The induced delay increases **{[travel ti**{[me and annoys]}** d**{[rivers,]}** and the **{[additi]}**onal starts **{[and stops result]}** **{[in inc reased]}** fuel consumption and]}** the consequent produc]}**t**{[ion of carbon monoxide,]}** **{[nitrous oxide, **{[partic]}**ulate matter]}****{[, and other **{[pollut]}**ants.

WHAT **{[IS THE HARM IN INSTALLING]}** **{[A STOP SIGN?**{[

]}**Two-way]}** stop **{[signs **{[assign]}** the right-of**{[-way at an int]}**ersection.]}** **{[The wa rrants]}** f**{[or the installation **{[two-way stop **{[signs in the]}** **{[Manual for **{[Unifor]}**m **{[Traffic Contro]}**l **{[Devices (MUTCD**{[) are l]}**isted below.]}** **{[Because a stop]}** sign causes substantial inconv]}**e**{[nience to **{[motorists, it **{[should be used]}** only where]}** warranted.]}** **{[It may be war]}****{[ranted whe**{[re the fol**{[lowing cond**{[itions exist:

1**{[. the i]}**ntersection of a less]}** **{[important road]}** **{[with a main road whe**{[re the applications of the]}** **{[normal right-of-way rule]}** is hazard]}**o**{[us;
2. a street]}** entering]}** a **{[throug]}**h **{[highway or str]}**eet;
3. an]}** unsign]}****{[alized intersection in **{[a sign]}**alized area;
4. other inters]}**e**{[ctions where a]}** combi**{[nation of high]}** **{[speed, rest**{[ricted vie**{[w, and serious accident]}** **{[record ind**{[icates a need]}** for contro]}**l **{[by the]}** stop s]}**ign.

The **{[amount of **{[delay created **{[by the sto**{[p sign depends]}** o**{[n both maj**{[or and minor street]}** **{[flows. The gaps in the]}** major flow **{[traffic stream **{[must be adequate to all]}**ow the]}** s**{[topped]}** t**{[raffic to **{[execute the th]}**rough, **{[right,]}** or left movement t**{[hrough]}** the intersection. **{[The te]}**rm “critical gap”]}** **{[is often used to descri]}**be the]}** **{[median gap **{[accept]}**ed **{[by drivers for specific]}** t**{[urning man**{[euvers and **{[roadwa]}**y **{[characteristics.]}** **{[Accord ing to]}** th**{[e 1997]}** H**{[ighway Capacity **{[Manual,]}** typical **{[critic]}**al gaps]}** a**{[re 6.2]}** to 6.9]}** seconds for right]}** turns from]}** a **{[minor roadway a**{[nd 7.1]}** to 7.5]}** s**{[econds]}** fo**{[r left turns from a **{[minor roadway.]}** **{[Left-tu]}**rning moveme]}**nt**{[s take]}** longer, **{[and le]}**ft-turning driver**{[s must cross more traffic s**{[treams.]}** Additional **{[delay for **{[minor **{[street]}** ve**{[hicles is also determined]}** **{[by the vehicle a**{[rrival]}** rate. The a**{[rrival rate of]}** ve**{[hicles]}** on the minor street is rela**{[ted to how long drivers]}** will wait]}** **{[in the queue to **{[get to the stop line.

The]}** **{[delay times at]}** s**{[topped approaches can become]}** **{[excess**{[ive if]}** either major or]}** minor flow i**{[s high.]}** The adv**{[antage of **{[a two-way stop i**{[s that the **{[major fl**{[ows do not have]}** to stop an**{[d they incur almost]}** **{[no delay **{[at the inters]}**ection **{[(i.e., the majority **{[of the traffi**{[c does not have]}** t**{[o stop)]}**.

Four-wa]}****{[y stop control]}** is often]}** controv**{[ersial as **{[it can often]}** c**{[onfuse mot**{[orists and can]}** cause more]}** a**{[verage delay than other types of contro**{[l. The multi-way]}** stop sign]}** **{[should only be]}** used where]}** the volume **{[on all approac**{[hes to the intersection is approxi**{[mately equ**{[al and the **{[traffi]}**c **{[volumes are re]}**la**{[tively low**{[. Howev]}**er, the]}** four-way]}** stop sign]}** alternative **{[can be quite useful]}** **{[in unusual **{[situat]}**ions where two-way]}** stop **{[control has no]}**t **{[solved the sa]}**fety proble**{[ms but where signal]}**i**{[zation is not]}** yet warran]}**t**{[ed.

]}**

WHAT **{[IS THE HARM IN INSTALLING]}** T**{[RAFFIC]}** S**{[IGNALS?

Justifi**{[cation of **{[signal instal]}****{[lation requires considerable data collec]}**ti**{[on and an**{[alysis. The fol**{[lowing dat**{[a need to **{[be col lected]}** and analyz]}****{[ed:

• tr]}**affic **{[volumes by app]}**roach and mo**{[vement for the]}** 16 highes]}**t **{[hours in **{[a day,
•]}** **{[pedestrian **{[counts]}** in cros**{[swalks,]}**
• **{[inters]}**ection]}** approach]}** speed **{[distrib**{[utions,]}**
• collision diagra]}**ms for]}** **{[recent crashes, **{[and
• con**{[dition diagram]}** f**{[or the intersection.**{[

The MUTCD lists 11 warrants]}** f**{[or the pla**{[cement of **{[traffic signals**{[. These]}** warran]}****{[ts are summ**{[arized below (**{[please re**{[fer to the **{[MUTCD for **{[detail s). If]}** n**{[one of these warran]}****{[ts are met, a]}** t**{[raffic signal]}** **{[should not be **{[placed.]}** In add]}****{[ition, the **{[fulfillment of a warran]}**t **{[or warrant**{[s also do**{[es not in **{[itself justif]}**y **{[the instal**{[lation of **{[a signal. Please**{[

]}**1. Minimum **{[vehicular volume]}****{[. The volume of intersecting traffic m**{[ust be]}** above a certain]}** **{[value.
2.]}** Interr**{[uption of **{[continuous traffic. The t**{[raffic volume]}** on a majo]}**r **{[street is so]}** significant that the]}** traffic on the minor street cannot **{[safely merge,]}** **{[enter, or cro]}****{[ss the major street]}**.
3. Minimum pedest]}**rian volume]}****{[. The volume of pedestrians crossing a major]}** street]}** e**{[xceeds]}** a **{[certain value.**{[
4]}**. School crossi]}**ng. At]}** an establ]}**ished **{[school crossi]}**ng**{[, a sig]}**nal can be placed **{[if it is **{[shown that **{[there are not **{[enough gaps in]}** the traffi]}**c **{[for th]}**e **{[children to saf]}**ely cross.]}****{[
5 . Progr**{[essive movement. **{[To mai]}**ntain the proper grouping]}** of vehicl]}**es and to effectively regulate the group speed.**{[
6]}**. Accident experience. When]}** less **{[restrictive remedies and enforcement]}** has failed **{[to decrea**{[se the accident rate below levels ex**{[pected with signal]}**i**{[zation.
7]}****{[. Systems **{[warrant**{[. A com]}**mon intersection that serves a principle networ]}**k **{[for th]}**rough traffi]}****{[c flow.
8]}****{[. Combi nation]}** of warran]}**ts. If]}** warrants]}** 1 **{[and 2 ar**{[e each satisfied by **{[80 perc**{[ent of]}** the stated **{[values**{[, a sig]}**nal placem]}**ent could]}** be **{[justif]}**ied.
9. Four-hour veh**{[icular]}** volume. **{[The tr]}**affic volume]}**s **{[on the]}** major and minor s**{[treets]}** exceed]}** a certai]}**n **{[value for each **{[of any four hours]}** on **{[an ave]}**ra**{[ge day.
1]}**0**{[. Peak hour delay. **{[The minor street]}** **{[traffic suffers **{[major delay in entering or crossi**{[ng the major street]}** **{[for on**{[ly one]}** h**{[our of an **{[average weekda]}**y.
11. Pe]}**a**{[k hour veh**{[icular volume. **{[The tr]}**affic volume]}**s **{[on the]}** major and minor s**{[treets]}** exceed]}** a certai]}**n **{[value for only one hour]}** **{[of the day.

]}**

Installing a **{[traffi]}**c signal at a low**{[-volume inters]}****{[ection can **{[significantly in**{[crease]}** crashes and **{[delays . Again**{[, the increase]}** in delay]}** and stops]}** then translates into]}** **{[higher fuel **{[consum]}**ption,]}** increased]}** **{[travel times,]}** and higher]}** **{[point source]}** pollution.]}** **{[The length of]}** de**{[lay is]}** di**{[rectly related to a numb]}**er of factors. Cycle **{[length is one]}** **{[factor , for e]}****{[xample, that is **{[influe]}**nced by]}** t**{[raffic]}** v**{[olumes and the]}** need to safely accommodate pedestrians. **{[The pedestrian]}** cr**{[ossing]}** time constraints could signifi**{[cantly]}** in**{[crease the **{[necess]}**ary **{[cycle lengths. **{[Althou]}**gh traffic signals **{[can re]}**duce the total number **{[of coll**{[isions]}** at an inters**{[ection,]}** resear**{[ch has show**{[n that certain types of]}** c**{[rashes (e.g.,]}** r**{[ear-end collisions)]}** **{[may ac tually]}** in**{[crease]}** a**{[fter a signal]}** is instal]}**le**{[d. For this reason]}**, the ty**{[pe and]}** number]}** of crashes **{[at an intersection **{[should be **{[considered before the installation]}** of a sign]}**al.

**{[

Traf]}**fic signals **{[can rep**{[resent]}** a positive **{[public invest]}**men**{[t when]}** jus**{[tified,]}** **{[but th**{[ey are]}** costly. **{[A mode]}**m signal can cost $80,**{[000 to $100,000 **{[to ins]}**tall. In addition, **{[there is the]}** c**{[ost of]}** the electr]}**ical power]}** co**{[nsumed]}** in **{[operat]}**ing **{[a sign]}**alized intersection 24 **{[hours a day (]}**which can]}** a**{[verage about $1**{[,400 pe]}**r year)**{[.

**{[It is imp**{[ortant to **{[carefully consid]}**er whethe]}**r **{[a traffic **{[control device **{[is needed **{[before rushin]}**g **{[to an implemen**{[tation decision. **{[The co]}**sts and]}** benefits]}** m**{[ust be car**{[efully eva**{[luated,]}** and a]}** c**{[areful]}** an**{[alysis and **{[engine]}**ering study]}** m**{[ust be com**{[pleted.]}**

**{[ **{[
**{[ **{[
What is]}** th**{[e harm]}** in **{[instal]}**ling traffi]}**c **{[signs and **{[signal s that]}** **{[aren't really]}** **{[needed? ]}****{[

It may surpri**{[se you to **{[learn that **{[adding more s]}**top signs]}** or traffi]}**c **{[signals along a roadwa]}**y does]}** not necessarily slow]}** d**{[rivers down or increase]}** **{[safety. In fac]}**t**{[, in so]}**me **{[cases, especially when]}** th**{[ey are]}** not really]}** **{[needed**{[, the o]}**veruse of signs]}** and signal]}**s **{[can le]}**ad **{[drivers to ign**{[ore or not **{[properly obey **{[them.

**{[

Too]}** many signs]}** ca**{[n lead]}** to **{[ineffe]}**cti**{[veness**{[
Studies]}** have shown that when]}** stop signs are placed]}** **{[at interse**{[ctions where they don**{[’t appe]}**ar **{[to be needed, **{[motori]}**sts **{[become]}** careless about]}** stopping.

**{[**{[Too many traffic signal]}**s **{[can negatively **{[impact traffic flow
Installing traffi]}**c **{[signal]}**s **{[where they are]}** not needed **{[can create traffic **{[congestion, add]}** **{[travel tim**{[e, and frustrate drivers,]}** **{[who may start]}** d**{[riving]}** impatiently.**{[

Other o**{[ptions can **{[provide safety**{[
To mak]}**e **{[travel]}** efficie**{[nt and sa**{[fe and to help]}** **{[ensure the **{[proper observ]}**a**{[nce of stop signs]}** and traffi]}**c **{[signals, they]}** are usually **{[instal]}**led only wher**{[e they are **{[absolu]}**tely necessary**{[. Other]}** **{[soluti**{[ons-for e**{[xample,]}** a yiel]}**d sign-may also p**{[rovide]}** enough]}** **{[safety,]}** without **{[any de]}**triment]}** to traffi**{[c flow.

**{[ **{[
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